IP Art Appreciation AIU Online Essay

Among the three artists Rubens, Caravaggio, and Rembrandt there have been many magnificent works of art. There are many different similarities and differences within each Artists works, aesthetic qualities and symbolic significance, as well as the artists’ points of view for each work of art. Rubens, (Peter Paul Rubens) â€Å"was a prolific seventeenth-century Flemish Baroque painter, and a proponent of an exuberant Baroque style that emphasized movement, color, and sensuality. He is well-known for his Counter-Reformation altarpieces, portraits, landscapes, and history paintings of mythological and allegorical subjects.† He began by visiting many famous artists and copying some of their works of art to develop a sort of sense of understanding for this type of art and how it is create. One of his paintings â€Å"Head of Medusa† can be seen by many as very grotesque, yet it is incredibly detailed and realistic. Medusa was known as a Gorgon in Greek mythology, and that was of evil. Many often described her as a winged type creature with head of snakes. Though, she was mortal and Perseus killed Medusa by decapitating her. Medusas death is found in the epic, Argonautica. This painting is most likely depicting the defeat of evil, and intended to be very dramatic, catching the viewers’ attention immediately. (Rubens.org 2013) Caravaggio (Michelangelo Merisi da Caravaggio) â€Å"was an Italian artist active in Rome, Naples, Malta and Sicily between 1593 and 1610. He is commonly placed in the Baroque school, of which he is considered the first great representatives.† He was also one of the many artists that Rubens copied in his times of studying art. â€Å"The intense realism or naturalism, for which Caravaggio is now famous, is used in the majority of his paintings. He preferred to paint his subjects as the eye sees them, with all their natural flaws and defects instead of as idealized creations. This allowed a full display of Caravaggio’s virtuosic talents. He was also widely known as the most famous painter in Rome. His painting of Medusa in a leather jousting shield is very similar in meaning to that of Rubens painting, though  Caravaggio’s depicts that of the incident where the Goddess Athena placed in upon her shield because any who looked upon the head of Medusa would turn to stone. Both Caravaggio’s and Rubens painting are grotesque and dramatic, yet a beautiful display of their own imagery. (Caravaggio.org 2013) A writer named Walter Wallace gives an incredible and justifying description of Rembrandt ( Rembrandt Van Rijn). He states â€Å"In life Rembrandt suffered far more misfortune than falls to the lot of an ordinary man, and he bore it with the utmost nobility†¦. The child of poor, ignorant Dutch peasants, Rembrandt was born with near-miraculous skill in art. As an uneducated young man, he established himself in Amsterdam, married a beautiful, wealthy, sympathetic girl named Saskia, and enjoyed a brief period of prosperity and fame. However, because men of genius are always misunderstood by the public, fate snatched him by the throat†¦. Rembrandt responded with a masterpiece, a fact unfortunately apparent only to him and his wife. Everyone else, from the burghers to the herring-peddlers, thought the painting was dreadful. Rembrandt’s patrons hooted in rage and derision, demanding changes that the artist, secure in the knowledge that posterity would vindicate him, stubbornly refused to make.†(Wallace 1968) Like Caravaggio and Ruben, his works could be just as realistic and gruesome, yet seem to take your breath away at the meaningful imagery that they all portrayed. One of his paintings The Blinding of Samson, he depicts armored men holding down Samson, and taking a knife to his eyes, thus blinding him. This is of course representing the Blinding of Samson that is portrayed in the Holy Bible. This artist captures the viewers attention by the emotion of this moment. It was also very common to see stories of the Bible depicted in artists work during this time period due to The Roman Catholic Church’s stand point at that time. The three artists Ruben, Caravaggio, and Rembrandt all created amazing works of art, with similar interests as well as display of their own imagery. All three works of art depict similarity that suggests they are from the same time period, such as the style, detail of dramatic facial expressions, and that each was of some sort of mythology or theory that they firmly believed on or felt an intense obligation to share. References: Caravaggio, The Complete Works. (2013). Retrieved on September 28, 2013 from: http://www.caravaggio-foundation.org/Medusa,-painted-on-a-leather-jousting-shield,-c.1596-98.html Peter Paul Rubens, The Complete Works. (2013). Retrieved on September 29, 2013 from: http://www.peterpaulrubens.org/biography.html Wallace, Walter. (1968) â€Å"The Legend and the Man,† in The World of Rembrandt: 1606-1669. pp. 17-25.

Commedia Del’Arte †Character Analysis Essay

PANTALONE: Pantalone is of top pecking order. He is wealthy and controls the finance in the character world of commedia, therefore his orders are usually obeyed by all. He is the father of Isabella. He wears dark colours of black, grey and red; dynamic Pantaloons, tight-fitting long red trousers or red breeches and stockings, a short tight-fitting jacket, a loose long black cloak with plain sleeves, red-woollen skull-cap and yellow turkish slippers. He is lean and scrawny and often short in stature. He wears a mask with a long, hooked nose with bushy eyebrows, sometimes also a moustache. Pointed beard just forward as if to meet the nose coming down, thus giving a very dynamic profile. His signature props are a gold chain hung around his neck with a large medallion as well as a dagger and a money pouch. He also carried a ubiquitous handkerchief and used a walking cane. His back bends giving him a hunched old man’s stoop, which protected his purse and effectively restricted the motion of his legs. His feet are together, toes apart, knees well bent and facing apart creating a focus on his crutch. His legs are also much more muscled with the possibility of sustaining extreme forward positions of the torso or making large strides. Bullying, aggressively and mean-minded, Pantalone, a pauper who had squandered his dignity along with his cash. He’s always on the prowl and he could be termed a Beelzebub of sex. Any woman who happens to cross his path becomes at once an object of winks, leers and nudges†¦ he parades up and down in a series of showily self-important struts, trips, trots and sudden halts. His walk is small and slow and he can only walk at one pace; whatever his feet do his legs cannot go any faster, whatever the motive or stimulus. He’s  old in body, but his head, feet and hands are still active. The hands (which he can’t keep to himself) flutter continuously, gesticulating each thought as it comes into his head. The only way he can stop this is to hold them behind his back, underneath his cloak. His voice is similar to a high pitched squawk that continuously breaks. It’s cold and prudish and demanding. Pantalone gives voice to the darker side of the male consciousness, a secret hero to the unenlightened males in the audience. He is mean to his servants, narrow-mindedly proscriptive to his children, fawning to Il’ Dottore, scheming with Il’ Capitano, lecherous with Colombina and indulgent to himself. He is too self-interested to be aware of spectators, therefore takes no notice of them. Pantalone operates on the assumption that everything can be bought and sold, and this turns out to be true, with the exception of loyalty (and love). But he also loves money for its own sake and will therefore only part with it when there is no other option. He always wants to marry his daughter to a wealthy man – and avoid giving her a dowry. When things do not go his way he quickly slips into emotional extremes, particularly enraged petty tyranny. He has a long memory and never forgets or forgives the slightest past transgression. Pantalone is action, not words. IL CAPITANO: Il’Capitano is a loner. He is never indigenous to the town where the scenario is set and is able to pretend to high status as a result. His downfall to the level of actual social standing is an essential part of the denouement. Being a ‘Capitan’ he wore a feathered helmet or hat, huge boots and exaggerated garters. His clothes were sometimes diagonally striped or slashed, but whatever the style, close scrutiny reveals the truth: Magnificent in words, but his purse is always empty and under his beautifully richly damascened cuirass he wears but a frayed and tattered leather jerkin. Il Capitano himself, however, always claims that his  tattered undergarments are caused by the amazing virility of his body hair bursting through whenever he gets angry. Il Capitano appears large, whether physically or egotistically, he is a large presence on stage. He try’s to attract attention from women and intimidate men. He wears a mask with a great menacing nose and  fierce, bristling moustaches, which seemed like veritable iron spikes defending the entrance to a citadel only too ready to capitulate. The mask, in its general aspect, was intended to emphasize the contrast between a brave appearance and a craven nature. His signature prop is a long sword that he never actually uses for fighting. His feet are planted apart in order to occupy maximum space, his chest is pushed forward and his back is always straight and tall standing with his hips wide. His walk is a long stride where the heels of his boots come down first, then the foot rolls onto the ball, then he steps again off the ball of his foot giving him rise and bounce in his step so his head can be among the clouds. However, his actual steps are small (he is in no hurry to get to war, but wants to do so with maximum effect). When he hears a frightening noise he drops everything, but only succeeds in running on the spot, head thrown back, arms in the air, kicking his feet forward and howling piteously. When he hears a wolf (or small dog) he shrinks little by little until he has made himself unnoticeable as possible, then scurries away in a crouch. When fleeing from a mouse he adopts a kind of leaping promenade walk in order to prevent it running up his legs. When scared witless he occasionally runs to be seen, to show off his legs. He often stands at attention or with his hand on his sword, nose in the air and his chest puffed out. When he’s not pretending to be brave he is cowering with fear. His movements are slow, deliberate and mechanical with his gestures being extravagant and sustained. His speech is loud and proud turning to a squeak when frightened. He was originally employed by Pantalone to do his dirty work for him. They worked  well together as lechers with financial aspirations: Il’Capitano to get rich, Pantalone to remain so. Pantalone would often congratulate Il Capitano on his efforts, and then betray him to others. He is almost used as a prop by all the other characters. The whole world is an audience. He stops whenever he sees the actual audience and makes a salutation so that he can be admired. Initially his magnificence may take in the other characters, but never the audience: something in his very first entrance (a trip for example) should give him away. IL DOTTORE: Il Dottore is the head of another family and is often the father of a lover, usually Lelio. He is the equivalent of Pantalone who thinks he has brains. He wears a black academic dress satirising Bolognese scholars, a long jacket with black coat over-reaching to his heels, black shoes, stockings and breeches, and black skull-cap. His appearance is grand: his huge size comes directly from Carnival and contrasts with Pantalone. His mask covers the nose and forehead and sometimes the cheeks, which are red as he is apparently fond of the bottle. His signature props include a book and a white handkerchief. He would stand with his weight back on his heels, belly forward and his hands gesturing in front. He walks peripatetically in figures of eight, using tiny, mincing steps. His walking posture descends while he thinks (out loud, of course) and rises up again on the solution of the problem. When posing, he leans forward with a hand on his face, usually tapping his forehead or stroking his beard in a pensive manner. When posing behind another performer, he sometimes does something malicious such as preparing to knock them out with a mallet. His movements are relatively static in front of the audience. He needs all  the space to himself and gains it by gesturing out from the body as if sowing a seed. He ‘parps’ like a trombone when speaking and pronounces â€Å"S† as â€Å"Sh†. He is a neighbour and friend or rival of Pantalone (either way, the two are inseparable), and since he is a natural parasite, sees the advantage of being patronized by him. To acknowledge or talk to the audience he needs a context in order to make a direct address – the giving of a lecture for example. He gives the other characters a break from physical exertion by his prolixity – sometimes to the point where he has to be carried off by them, still talking. For this reason he stays a relatively long time onstage. A survivor, not a target figure like Pantalone. He is essentially belly, not intellect and is extremely vocal. Il’Dottore is inclined, like Pantalone, to be stingy, but in his case it is because he doesn’t have any money. The doctor is an eternal gasbag; he cannot open his mouth without spitting out a Latin phrase or quotation. He believes someone suffers from an ailment, which they obviously do not, and offers to cure them. He spontaneously diagnoses performers on stage, tries to enlist assistance to help him perform experimental surgeries on himself and others, as well as performs random experiments in the name of science and medicine.

Advanced Technologies in Ancient China and Egypt

Egypt is raining hardly and it has a dry, hot weather. Most of Egypt is covered in the desert. However, the Egyptians can cultivate crops to surplace food as the Nile River across Egypt is hit by the flood every year. Meanwhile, China has deserts, forests and mountains, and many Chinese people adapt to the environment through the establishment of irrigation systems, fishery, and cultivation of crops. Ancient Egypt and Ancient China were in two different places, but their industries, agriculture and weapons technology have similarities and differences. Ancient civilization of children - Mesopotamia, Ancient Egypt, Ancient India, Ancient porcelain. Comparison of Ancient Mesopotamia and Ancient Egyptian Civilization: Ancient Comparison and Control of Mesopotamia and Egypt: Comparison of West Hill University Mesopotamia, Egypt, India, China and Early Central American Civilization Development 20. The difference between ancient Egypt and ancient China, they ate something similar to the arc hitecture of Greek and Roman in ancient India. Similarities between ancient civilizations of ancient Egyptian civilizations such as China, Egypt, Mesopotamia, Rome are progress Between Mesopotamia, Egypt, India and China, I need three political similarities or differences between ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Mesopotamia and Ancient Egypt: The similarities and differences lie in the early civilization of China, agriculture related research of ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia. Do you think there is somewhat similarity between the two documents you read about early civilization in the prehistoric times of India, China, Egypt? There are many similarities between China and India, but Egypt and Mesopotamia grew when comparing the politics of ancient India and Egypt. There are many similarities in the differences between the Egyptian and Mesopotamian ancient religions in the Near East, but there are many similarities. India and Egypt compare facts, figures, measurements, and indicators side -by-side to quickly review similarities and differences. How this technology is spreading in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, Egypt, Cambodia building, 10 important similarities between ancient civilizations There are four major civilizations in the Furukawa Valley: the fertile New Moon in Mesopotamia, the Nile River in Egypt, the Indus River in India, and the Yellow River in China. These civilizations show specific similarities and contrast differences. Many of these differences and similarities occur in three categories: technology progress, government type, civilization. In-depth research and research on China and Egypt contrast the two very interesting civilizations in society. As China and Egypt are isolated from the outside world, their development is very concentrated in technology and learning, and with a powerful government to unite the country. Similarity ... Read more

Renaissance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Renaissance - Essay Example The Renaissance is generally accepted to have begun in the fourteenth century in the small and prosperous states of Italy namely, Florence, Sienna and Venice (1). Some historians have questioned both the starting date and the starting place of the Renaissance, crediting the period under the Carolingian rulers Charlemagne and Louis the Pious starting from 800 AD. Such a contention comes from the perspective that if a reawakening in culture and intellectual from the dark period of European history is the criterion for the renaissance, the renaissance started in 800 AD, under the Carolingian rulers. Such a claim is associated with the achievements of the Carolingian rulers. These rulers brought peace and security throughout most of Western Europe, which was in turmoil since the demise of the Roman Empire in the fifth century, when Alaric sacked Rome in 401 AD. There was deliberate effort on the part of these rulers to bring back some of the lost cultural and economic greatness lost with the Roman Empire. Charlemagne utilized the assistance of the intellectual Alcuin to set up a school system. Working with Benedict of Aniane, Louis the Pious made Benedictine monasticism a force of progress and civilization in Western Europe. The consequence of this combine of political and intellectual power was rise in culture and learning not experienced since the Roman Empire. However, the counter argument is that these changes were essentially within the clergy and lacked a wide range of social movements as evinced by the renaissance that started in Italy. (2). There is also some support for the view of Charles Homer Haskins in his book The Renaissance of the Twelfth Century that Europe starting from in the eleventh century. This period saw a vibrant, expanding, and tolerant society that offers comparison to the renaissance in the fourteenth century in Italy. (2). However this contention is not accepted

The components of a firms image Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

The components of a firms image - Essay Example The goal is to manufacture product differentiation where no inherent distinctions exist. Retail positioning creates a value of "who you are" in the market. Store Image is the positioning of a store in terms of its branding, product selection, interior and exterior design, fixtures and fittings, lighting and other elements affecting the visual outlook of a retail store. Store atmosphere affects merchandise quality inferences, in turn affecting store image. Often, a consumer's first impression of a store is based on what can be seen or heard from outside the store. This may include the displays, the lighting, the music, the color scheme, and the arrangement of space. Merchandise Assortment is necessary to increase profitability which is the key driver for any business. Effective merchandising assortment and planning results in maximising sales potential and minimising losses from mark-downs and stock-outs. Effective merchandise planning and assortment effectively controls the two major areas of profit leakage in retail, which are the loss of sales due to stock shortage, and the forced margin reductions due to excess stock. The essence of computer aided direct marketing is that it aids in telemarketing; that is, selling over the telephone.

System Change Request Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

System Change Request - Essay Example The program will ensure that the system operate efficiently and provide quality services to customers. Ideally, the system will enhance delivery of services in the accounting department that is charged with the responsibility to administer cash transactions (Stair & Reynolds, 2010). Change request is significant for transformation management process since it sets appropriate signaling elements that report evident defects and operating gaps that may compromise quality in service delivery. Imperatively, change request emanate from the problem reports that are presented by users or signaling software’s. This is evident at Hill school where the change process of the billing system emanated from the user. The management was concerned on the operating capacity of the existing system and its efficiency. As stated, the school is in need of a system that is integrated with strong control software’s, effective and upholds high security standard to enhance the processing of the va st amount of data that they hold. Elements of the change process include customer ID, the change type, indication of the requirement or optional nature of the change process and change abstract. ... The emergency request seeks for contingency measures that may not need comprehensive planning. The main aim of the stage is to restore the operations of the system. Sensitive request is another priority stage that deals with identification of essential processes that the system cannot operate without. This ensures that the central elements in a system are well integrated to eradicate inferior execution of activities. System document request SDR from the users is another significant process in identifying the need for change within the operating system. This element states that system users have a crucial role in ensuring effective functionality of the infrastructural set up that they administer. Change request also originate from the events in the development of the system (Stair & Reynolds, 2010). That is the complications that are encountered at the time of implementation may lead to change of strategy during the integration process to facilitate quality in service delivery. Normal request is the last stage that deals with the implementation of ordinary needs. These are the needs that facilitate the effectiveness of the system. Evidently, Hillside school should integrate the new billing system in consideration to SCR priority based procedure. This is to enhance the functionality of the infrastructure by establishing and providing timely solutions to the evident problems presented by the users. Justification Change request is a credible project administration process that advances workflow and effectiveness of service delivery. The approach ensures superior operation of the infrastructural set ups that institutions use to coordinate activities through detailed identification and reporting of defects. This is critical since the

Global Credit Crunch Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Global Credit Crunch - Essay Example The overall financial solutions to UK clients thus would be greatly affected. (CEBR, 2008)1 Therefore it is necessary to find necessary solutions to various aspects of present global credit crisis to strengthen the UK economy. The global credit crunch has had the attention each and every human being for bad reasons. The present crisis has effected in job lay offs around the world mostly in the developed countries like USA, the UK, Japan, etc. As mentioned earlier, one of the root causes was excessive lending by the banks to the customers. In other words, the banks and other financial institutions lured the customers to borrow loan without any hassle such like low interest rates, 24 hours approval of loan, pay the installments after one year, etc. Such were the schemes offered by various banks to attract the wide range of customers mainly from housing sector.2 The banking authorities didn't even bother to check the liability of the person to whom they are lending, whether the person was able to pay back the money. The Bishop of London quoted in the Daily Telegraph that 'it is becoming clearer how far we have been mortgaging our children's tomorrow to fund our today, both financially and in our use of the finite resources of earth'.3 Looking at the past experiences of financial crisis occurred during the last millennium, it can be assumed that the process of borrowing from the financial institutions will be a Herculean task. The need to restore capital ratios and to recover the losses incurred, it is understandable the borrowers will have lesser flexibilities, less leverage, hike in interest rates and fees will soar at historical high. (John L. Moscione : p.6)4 The customers will have to face a strict scrutiny of their valuable documents before receiving loans as a process to identify previous lack luster performance by the bank officials. Implications for Lending The present crisis is the result of irregularities by the bank and financial institutions in providing loans to the customers without proper verification of their documents and checking the liability of the person. Excessive liquidity with the financial institutions was the foundation for excessive lending by the banks to rake in more customers. In a bid to acquire more customers, they offered lucrative schemes which were spontaneously grabbed by the seekers. Credit crisis was inevitable in view of real estate market boom in recent years which blew the bubble by way of irregular mortgages, unverified loans without scrutinizing the income or assets of the borrower. This facilitated borrowers to indulge in fraud and leveraging of accounts. Most of the loans were approved on the house mortgage which was another cause for real estate boom all over the world. Selling and buying of houses were on spurge, with rates touching the all time high. According to statistics from the Bank of England, total net lending to individuals in January 2009 was 1.1 billion which was lower as compared to December 2008 that stood at 2.1 billion. The total net lending secured on dwellings was 0.7 billion in January 2009 as compared to 1.8 billion in December 2008.5 It is learnt from the

Mkt wk3 team Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Mkt wk3 team - Essay Example There seem to be endless possibilities for Apple has a brand and this has been understood by its users as they have come to know that Apple is one such manufacturer which believes in immense taste and quality no matter how hard it gets. The name ‘Apple’ reckons good and rich taste more than anything else as has been apparent since a long time. The iPod, iPad and iPhone products are ruling the roost within their competitive rivals and hence have been given all the acclaim that these products have richly deserved over a period of time. The varied market dimensions have more or less suggested the likeliness of the Apple users when they are choosing between categories or amongst the products, one of which belongs exclusively to Apple itself. Therefore it would be right to state that Apple brings together a collection of fine taste and exclusivity which other competitors can only think of. References Berry, T.  (1996-2011).  How to perform a SWOT analysis.  Mplans.com - Palo Alto Software, Inc.  Retrieved March 5, 2011 from http://articles.mplans.com/how-to-perform-a-swot-analysis/ Cooper, R (1999). Product leadership: Creating and launching superior new products. Perseus Books.

Economy and Tourism of Cyprus Research Proposal

Economy and Tourism of Cyprus - Research Proposal Example Cyprus as a whole is now an open, free-market, service-based economy with some light manufacturing (TDS, 2008). Since 1st May 2004, Cyprus has accession to the European Union, which is an important milestone in its recent economic development. The Cypriots are the most prosperous people in the Mediterranean region. It has good, educated English-speaking population, good airline connections and an excellent telecommunications. The economic activity in Cyprus had been based on agriculture in the past but in the past two decades there has been a shift towards light manufacturing and services. Today agriculture contributes only 3.2% to the GDP while industry and construction contribute 19.2 percent and the services sector including tourism contribute 77.6% to the GDP employing 72.1% of the labor force (TDS, 2008). Cyprus has very few proven natural resources although the government is trying to explore the possibilities for offshore oil and gas reserves off its southern coast. The GNP growth rates have declined as the Cyprus economy has matured over the years. Public finances have improved considerably and the fiscal deficit which had peaked in 2003 was eliminated by 2007 (TDS, 2008). There was fiscal surplus in 2007 and the public debt declined simultaneously. The Cyprus economy got a further boost when Euro replaced the Cyprus pound as Cyprus’ national currency. This is expected to bring about a higher degree of price stability, lower interest rates, reduction of currency conversion costs and exchange rate risk, and increased competition through greater price transparency. The investment climate in Cyprus is conducive to FDI. There is increased flow of FDI particularly from the EU. Cyprus has good communication system, an educated labor force, good airline connections, and a sound legal system and provides modern infrastructures and tax incentives for business houses. The cost of living in Cyprus is low which

Currently Ethical Issue in Business Research Paper

Currently Ethical Issue in Business - Research Paper Example This has mainly emanated from the absence of transparency, consistency; accountability, coupled with institutional weaknesses within judicial and legislative systems have been a primary cause of corruption within companies. The paper explores ethical challenges associated with corruption and bribery in business. Business ethics has overtime attracted significant interest partly owing to the perception of crude capital tendencies, which elevate the making of profits relative to ethical making of such profits. The realization of corporate goals and objectives necessitates that business managers design relevant policies and strategies, which enable them to attain the set objectives and cope with the overriding business environment. Nevertheless, some of the corporate policies may offend ethical sensibilities (Trevino & Nelson, 2011). Background Corruption is a complex phenomenon covering a wide range of and its origin lies deep within political and bureaucratic institutions. Although, t he costs of corruption may differ and systemic corruption may be accompanied by sound economic performance, studies on corruption demonstrates that corruption is bad for development. Bribery represents one of the core tools of corruption and can be employed by businesses as a mode of â€Å"buying† things availed by governments or other entities such as contracts, government incentives, lower taxes, legal outcomes, and licenses (Myint, 2000). Ordinary business practices when abused can be construed as corrupt payments. Bribery and corruption in companies limits competition, corrupts the society, and damages innovation. In most cases, â€Å"corrupt† and â€Å"illicit† can be employed interchangeably, which implies that corrupt behavior contravenes a principle of legality; nevertheless, not all illegal behavior is corrupt and not all corrupt behavior can be deemed as illegal (Kochan & Goodyear, 2011). Transparency International differentiates forms of corruption by motive, whereby corruption behaviors injurious to the firm can be labeled as dysfunctional corruption while that beneficial to the firm can be labeled as functional corruption (Myint, 2000). Such a distinction is relevant when discussing international business and corruption given that some acts such as bribes and kickbacks may enable the firm to operate profitably, especially in the short-term (Loughman & Sibery, 2012). Discussion The World Bank estimates that close to 0.5% of GDP is lost via corruption each year. Bribery is mode common form of corruption, which creates a leeway where organized crime can flourish, corroding of trust in institutions, and undermining the rule of and democratic practices. Corruption can be highlighted as endemic within emerging economies causing chaos in economic development. In recent years, there has been a surge in high-profile cases of corporate corruption and bribery, which have given rise to colossal fines for companies engaged in corruption su rpassing $ 1 billion and increasing diplomatic tensions between countries. In response to increasing incidences on corruption, the U.S. Justice Department has increased prosecutions of alleged acts of foreign bribery by U.S. corporations. For instance, in 2009, over 120 companies were under investigation representing a stark contrast from what was happening in the previous years. Recent trends toward vibrant enforcement of

Henderson The Rain King Essay Example for Free

Henderson The Rain King Essay The great book ‘Henderson the Rain King’ is a masterpiece creation of an imperative American writer who in addition became the source of inspiration for many other writers in the era of 1950s. The author, Saul Bellow’s triumph has been striking enough for he stirred other writers a new-fangled kind of idol and a new type of expressive fashion (High, 12). Bellow’s lead character lives dynamically within his own intellect. In scripting his hero, Saul Bellow has a few characteristic qualities assembled in his works. In this book he crafts a character who at all times seeks various exposures. In this paper I will discuss how Henderson has some pre-arranged stereotypes about Africa and the people there, what he learns from them in the end, how does Henderson `find` him self in Africa and will support all this with examples from the book. This book begins with a radiant portrayal, the thought of a determined victim, the personality of Henderson, and his declaration of having resolved a trouble. Henderson is actually an American hero probing toward maturity, hesitant between a desire to be loved and abandonment from a world which does not care for him as he needs; he is unripe and a victim of his own thoughts and desires. Bellow has sketched a hero who seems to be disgruntled with the truth of his existence. He is suffocating beneath the accumulative specifics of his life even though he appears to contain what people valor wish for; that is assets and position, wealth and love, as he is described by the people of his times. Many feel that the author has actually carved out a character that is none else but the author himself. Many believe that Saul had a mindset or more specifically stereotypes about Africa and its natives that he inks out through this book. In the book through satire and spoof, Bellow provides ridiculous loads of its banalities. Henderson is a mockery of the bizarre, aggressive, artist-hero of the Stephan Daedalus range. Fiddler and pig grower, he is described as a menopausal social outcast and that is what Bellow had the stereotype about the Africans (High, 33). A straight caricature of the Hemingway narcissist, he is solemn, thoughtful, solipsistic, clumsy, and self-centered. He supposes with his Eliotic fisher king forbears that the land is cursed. As Bellow had stereotyped the Africans, the hero in his book, is in reality Bellows reply to an age group of recent writers who retorted with overstated discontent to the botched assurances of Rousseauistic idealism (Ophdal, 62). It is in addition a notable investigation into the incompatible codes of maleness that bothers the contemporary American gentleman. Henderson merges the idealistic maverick, rich capitalist, rough warrior, schlemiel, unattractive American, and spiritual quester in his character of Henderson which speaks volumes about Bellow’s stereotype of the native Africans. Considerably, we find that once when he has been embraced by African classic mother-goddesses, and has taken training from a lioness, he is competent to suppress his previous aggressiveness to his housekeeper whom he has screamed to demise, his daughter whom he has overlooked, and Lily whom he has disgraced and mistreated for years (Bellow, 59). He is after everything else seen taking pride in his lately attained spiritual balance, taking on an orphan kid on the glacial ice cap of Newfoundland. As a final point, the I desire influence in his heart is at rest. Nevertheless, we are left to ponder whether he can uphold this stability found in the simple loneliness of a glacial ice cap inside the collective circumstances of his family unit. It illustrates the distinct survival wit of the Eastern European shtetl and its stereotypes. Bellow in this book claims that literary innovation has formed novels bursting of the communal disorders of our daytime and urbanized a common sense of catastrophe. Bellow, particularly in ‘Henderson The Rain King’ cultivated for American literature a few of the humorist postures, stereotypes, and mythology of Yiddish literature. His principal work of domestication of Yiddish fable is the utilization of comedy to mutually steal from self-pity and augment the actual existential problem of the hero through the wit shambling pursuit depicted in Henderson’s role (Ophdal, 77). Bowel embarks on a journey to defy racially prejudiced legends and uphold racial synchronization. Henderson commences his pursuit sharing in white prejudices against Africans. Though Bellow believed that they were just prejudices, they were deep-rooted in his opinion and tend to propose lucid ineptitude on the part of Africans (Bellow, 87). They contributed in the primitivist national troops of Africa that was suggested by Conrads Heart of Darkness. Ultimately, nevertheless, Henderson is exposed to his love of Western Civilization and takes a massive fabled jump in time. It is a three-part hunt relating sin, penance, and escape. If we analyze how Henderson evolved throughout the narration, we find that there were till the end some traces of the deep- rooted stereotypes present in his personality but as in the novel when it finally started to rain, it actually depicts that Henderson had freed himself from his thoughts and burdens of the images that he always had. It may well be that he in reality resembles other wastrels who have attempted to flee from themselves on voyages to remote places, but, for all his bristle and self-worth, all his sympathy and humbleness, all his obscure references to fine art, writing and times gone by, Henderson remains only a weary cursed with for the most part uneasy stream of fancy chatter in a store of current fiction. He is finally seen to have found peace within himself. The continuous â€Å"want† â€Å"want† screams within him that lead him to the painful journey, were in the end crushed as he contends with the surroundings and learns to accept things that he cannot change. Many readers though still question, whether a character like Henderson can stay content with the peace he found for long. The conclusion of the movements is the track in the stillness of love and decision, the agitated man, the battered animal, and the stray children who have all accomplished shared comfort and salvation.Prayers for rainfall are responded to, the impatient traveler turns in the direction of abode, and the long nights voyage finally reaches day. Works Cited Bellow, Saul (1976) Henderson the Rain King. New York: Viking Press Publishers. High, Peter (1986) An Outline of American Literature. New York: Longman Inc. Ophdal, Keith Michael (1978) The Novel of Saul Bellow: An Introduction. Pennsylvania: The Pennsylvania University Press. Majdiak, Daniel. (1991). â€Å"The Romantic Self and Henderson the Rain King† in Bucknell Review: A Scholarly Journal of Letters, Arts and Sciences.

John Locke Essay Essay Example for Free

John Locke Essay Essay John Locke, a philosopher of the Age of Reason and the Enlightenment, greatly influenced the American revolution and the French revolution. His beliefs were the social contract, natural rights, and the right of revolution. One of John Lockes beliefs was the social contract. A social contract can be either a written or unwritten agreement between a government and its people. Social contracts usually contain a basic set of laws and agreements explaining how the country should be run. Examples of a Social contract are the US constitution and the Declaration of the Rights of Man. John Locke was a huge influence for both of these documents. Locke also believed that every person has natural rights. A natural right is a basic right that every citizen should be born with. Locke said that everyones natural rights were the right to â€Å"life, liberty, and property. † These natural rights have been quoted and used many times in history. Thomas Jefferson was influenced by this while writing the Declaration of Independence, saying that all men are created equal and that they have the right to life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Lastly and most importantly, Locke believed in the right of revolution. The right of revolution is the belief that if that a government does not meet the basic needs and wishes of its people, then the people have the right to revolt and overthrow that government. Examples of this are the American and French revolutions. The Americans revolted against England because they failed to grant them the basic rights stated in their social contract, saying no taxation without representation. The French revolted against their government because King Louis caused the countries economy to be almost non existent and most of the country had nothing to eat. Both these revolutions led to the rise of democratic nations. John Locke is one of the most influential people in history. His beliefs has influenced the formation of many countries, including our own. His ideas have be restated and reused throughout history, and still influence people today.

What Is The Procurement Method Construction Essay

What Is The Procurement Method Construction Essay Procurement is a term which describes the activities of the client or employer who brought about the construction or renovation of buildings. It is a mechanism that provides a solution to the problem: How can I build my project? (The Joint Contracts Tribunal, 2012) In most projects, the client (usually through their consultants or design team) will start the procurement process through the development of the project strategy. The strategy weighting opportunity, risks, and budget constraints of a project to determine the project is suitable to use which procurement method. (The Joint Contracts Tribunal, 2012) For each project, client will very care about the quality of the project, how long the project can be complete, the performance of consultants and the design of the project. Select an appropriate method of procurement is very important for client. Different client need different method of procurement because different policies, resources, organizational structure, the preferred contractual arrangements. Understanding of risk is essential because each procurement method has to follow a set of rules and procedures to select different particular route and risk. How a procurement can successful is depend on whether the construction project parties has comply with their obligations or not, how they identifying the risk of the project and how they deal with the risk of the project. There are four main procurements in construction which are designed by JCTs contracts. The four main procurement methods are: Procurement using Traditional methods Procurement using Design and Build methods Procurement using Management methods Procurement using Integrated or Partnering methods 2.0 a) Procurement using Traditional Procurement Method 2.1 Introduction of Traditional Procurement Method: In the traditional approach, the client must engage consultants such as Architect, Engineers and Quantity Surveyor to design the project. Those consultants design must meet the clients budget and satisfied by client. Once it is not meet clients budget the Architect and Engineers need to redesign the project and the Quantity Surveyor must recalculate the cost of the project. After the designed was satisfied by client and met clients budget, client, Architect or Quantity Surveyor will call tender to give contractors to price and bid for the tender. Client will base on the most suitable price that priced by contractors to make decision, which contractor will be the successful tenderer for the project. The price is not always the lowest but is the most suitable price for the project. Factors to choose a successful tenderer other than price, the contractor must have reputation, pass projects, good financial strength, skills and the contractor cannot have too many projects in hand. The successful contractor must follow the contract drawings and specifications to start the construction work. Contractor also must responsible for his workmanship and material, including work by sub-contractors and suppliers. Any defects, design errors or generated misuse, the contractor has to use his own money to repair or settle the problems. Contractors responsibility Client Consultants responsibility Figure : The Linear or Sequential Process of the Traditional Procurement System (Rosli, A.R, 2006) There are some types of contract will be use in traditional procurement method. These contracts are: Lump sum contract Measurement contract Cost reimbursement contract 2.1.1 Lump sum contract: Before construction project start, the contract sum of this contract is already determined and the amount of project is fixed in the agreement. The contractor must base on the fixed contract sum to construct a building. This contract is not subject to recalculate due to the contract sum is fixed. Once the construction work started, client not allow make any variation. But the contract sum can have a limited change in cost of material, labour and plant if the changes of amount is determined by checking vouchers, a formula, invoice etc. (Frederick University Cyprus, 2007) There are 2 types of lump sum contract: with quantities without quantities Lump sum contracts with quantities, client are based on drawings and bills of quantities to pay to the contractor. It means that any increase in the quantity of material, the contractor cannot claim with client. But contract can claim under provisional sum due to items are not accurately quantified. (Frederick University Cyprus, 2007) Lump sum contracts without quantities, client are based on drawings and contract document to pay to the contractor. It means that contractor can claim if there is any variation about the quantity of material. When the lump sum is total the material price, the work which done by contractor must described in the Schedule of Work. (Frederick University Cyprus, 2007) 2.1.2 Measurement contracts: Sometimes are called as remeasurement contract or schedule of rate contract. In this contract, contractor will pay base on the unit prices in the agreement after he complete the works. All the items needed for the construction work is stated in the contract document and bill of quantities. The contractor has to fill in the unit rate for each item and multiple with the quantities that calculate by Quantity surveyor to get the amount. (Frederick University Cyprus, 2007) 2.1.3 Cost reimbursement contracts: Sometimes is called as cost plus contracts. The contractor in order to construct the building and he will be pay based on the actual cost of materials, labour and plant plus certain percentage profit and overheads. The profit and overheads normally will be 10% of the total cost of materials, labour and plant. (Frederick University Cyprus, 2007) There are three types of fee in cost reimbursement contracts: Cost plus percentage fee Cost plush fixed fee Cost reimbursement based on a target cost 2.2 The cost, time and quality of via using Traditional Procurement Method: 2.2.1 Cost In the early stage of this system, client may require more money to pay those consultants which helped client design the project. But this giving client a guarantee to get the good price to complete the project due to all the design, drawings, and specifications is fully developed and described in detail before contractors start to bidding for the tender. Since client can control everything via using this traditional method, contractor no chances to adjust the project price become higher than normal price. Logically, this procurement system is very fair for client to get lower cost because all the competitors (contractors) must apply price to the project base on the bill of quantity that calculate by Quantity Surveyor. This system also can control over the variation cost but only for small amount of variation. (Rosli, A.R, 2006) 2.2.2 Time Compare with other procurement system, traditional system take longer time than other system to complete the project due to the design and budget must meet and satisfy by client. Although it takes longer time to produce but it considered is the best approach because client can clearly know actual cost to construct his project, can get better design from consultants and get better quality control of the project. Client can use this longer time to make decision and check the project design with consultant team before start construction. (Rosli, A.R, 2006) 2.2.3 Quality Traditional procurement method can come out with a construction project which is high quality controlled compare with other method. This method gives a lot advantage to client to compare the consultants design, decide which design suit his budget, management the project, protected by consultants due to giving professional advice and construction expertise between consultants and contractor. Using this method can give more time for client and consultants to check and develop the design, drawings, and specifications to create a better tender document. But this method do not give any advantages for contractor, contractor no power to design the project because contractor will engage after client and consultants decided the design of project. (Rosli, A.R, 2006) 2.3 Advantages Disadvantages of Traditional Procurement Method 2.3.1 Advantages of Traditional Procurement Method Client can controls the consultant team (design team) Client will have better control over the quality of works Client can obtain the best price through competitive tendering Can easily accommodate any variation of the works as required by the Client Clients interest is protected by the Consultants who serve as advisors and independent certifiers in the building contract Provided that the design has been fully developed and uncertainties eliminated before tenders are invited 2.3.2 Disadvantages of Traditional Procurement Method Client need to face many organisation due to many consultants The project need take long time to complete because many time is required in the early stage to design the building May be too cumbersome for the Client to coordinate with the various consultants the performance of consultants is very important because can directly affect the progress of the works 3.0 b) Procurement using Design and Build Method 3.1 Introduction of Design and Build Method: In the construction world there have four type of main procurement which is Procurement using Traditional methods, Procurement using Design and Build method, Procurement using Management methods and Procurement using Integrated or Partnering methods. In Procurement using Design and build method there is a method that to carry a task in which the design and construction services are contracted by a single entity, it is known as the  design-builder  or  design-build contractor. From the history, Design and Build is similar as master builders or master masons by the Ictinus and Callicrates when they built Parthenon in Athens. In Roman around 40 B.C, describing existing practice in the designed and construction of building was written by Vitruvius. (Timothy N. Toler Toler Hanrahan LLC Atlanta, Georgia) 3.2 Facts: Design and build is one of the procurement that using in building construction industry, following is the definition, method use and forms of contract. 3.2.1 Definition Design and build is a team consisting of general contractor, architect, and engineer. They are build-up to provide an owner with a one source point of contact for the design and construction of their proposed project. Design and build is known as a package deal and it has been use in the building industry for a long period ago. (Jack W E Masterman, 2002) Beside, Design and build combines into a single role the design responsibility of the project A/E and the building function of the prime contractor. 3.2.2 all in As known package deal is one of the all in contracting and it is a type of procurement method where a contractor is given the responsibility for the whole thing that is required and necessary for the design, construction and delivery of the project. Beside, under this package deal system the service of the contractor will be include the preparation of project brief, sketch and final working drawings getting all the approval from authorities, project financing, construction, furnishing and commissioning of all equipments and accessories and handing over the project to the client. Turnkey contract is one of the American term for the all in or package contract. Under this system, a contractor is entrusting to undertake the responsibilities for every necessary and required thing for the construction, completion, commissioning and hand over the project. The word turnkey means that, upon completion, the client is given the key and he can then enter the project by turning the key. The contractor had to do the whole thing from preparing project brief, getting approval, designing, financing, construction, furnishing and decorating to commissioning and handing over completed, cleaned and ready for use project. Develop and construct is also one of the integrated procurement which is much similar to design and build. In this case, the contractor is still given the responsibility for both the design and construction of the project. The difference is that, under Develop and Construct method the design consultants of client will prepare the concept of sketches or designs and passed them to the contractor and develop them and produced the detailed working drawings. The contractor will construct and complete the project based on what it has developed and produced. 3.2.3 Method Use / basis of procurement As known that there have four type of procurement in building industry. Design and Build is one of the procurement that using in the construction industry. Main contractor in Design and Build procurement is responsible for undertaking both the design and construction work on a project, for an agreed lump-sum price. Design and Build project can be different depending on the contractors design responsibility and the initial design in the employers requirements. However, for the Design and Build the contractors design responsibility is much greater than traditional contract with a contractor designed portion. Beside, sufficient time is needed for the contractor to prepare the employers requirements (usually employer will appoint consultants to facilitate this). The sufficient time is needed for the contractor to prepare their proposal and the tender price. By the way, proposal that been prepared by the contractor must matches all of the employers requirements before any of the contract are entered into. Furthermore, normally employer has power to control over the design elements of the project according to their requirements. But once the contract is passes the responsibility to the contractor, so the employer has no direct control over the contractor detailed design. 3.2.4 Forms of contract In the Design and Build procurement there have some of the contract documents which is formal agreement, conditions of contract, employers requirements, contractor proposals and schedule of rates. 3.3 Roles / responsibilities of each party involved Party involved in the Design and Build procurement is contractor and the client / employer. The responsibility of the contractor in the Design and Build procurement is concept design, tender and contracting, construction with detail design and the construction and hand over. Beside, the responsibility of the client and consultants is project brief, feasibility study and tender document. Client and Consultant responsibility Construction and hand over Detail design Construction Tender and contracting Concept design Tender Document Feasibility study Project brief Contractor responsibility Figure : The Integrated Process of Project Designing and Construction in the Design and Build Procurement System (Rosli, A.R, 2006) 3.4 The cost, time and quality of via using Design and Build Method: 3.4.1 Cost Cost for one project of building is very important. In each of the procurement it has their special way to price the cost of a building. In case of design and build, cost is fixed at the tender stage and is subject to design changes, normally it is often higher than the traditional contracting system. Comparison between the design build procurement and traditional procurement, traditional procurement design will be completed during tender stage and it will set up a high level of price certainty except for the fluctuations in the cost of labor and materials. The reason often is higher than the traditional contracting system is because once the tender is accepted, the tender price will be the final contract sum. It is not subject to change, unless there are variations required or instructed by the client. Such additional cost also cannot be avoided because under this procurement system the contractor will to take much of the financial risk. 3.4.2 Time In design and build procurement also know fast-tracking orbuild-it-fast project. So that it is suitable for the private clients, who want quick return on their investment, especially for commercial projects. The projects can be procured by negotiation rather than competition. This is because the design and build procurement save a lot of time depends on traditional procurement. By the way, traditional methods are most suitable for both public and private clients who want to control the stipulated overall time for the construction projects. All the operations are subject to considerable scrutiny and governed by fairly strict procedures especially in government funded development agencies. 3.4.3 Quality In Design and Build procurement the whole construction process (pre and post contract works) is undertaken by only one party which will slightly affect the quality level of the construction project. Design and build method is also suitable to the projects that need early completion, so the quality of the work will be affected. Its compared to the traditional method, traditional method It produce the highest quality of work. The project is usually competitively tendered to a contractor before work starts on a lump sum basis. The design will be done before the commencement of construction and thus, the quality of work will be higher. Each process of construction is undertaken by different parties having varied expertise in the building team. 3.5 Advantages Disadvantages of Design and Build Method: In case of advantage of design and build procurement in construction industry, the advantage is it is suitable for all clients, including inexpert clients and those requiring distance from the project. By the way It is also cost certainty and faster track. Beside the disadvantage is it is not suitable for complex buildings and uncertain or developing client brief. 4.0 d) Procurement using Integrated or Partnering Method 4.1 Introduction of Integrated or Partnering Method: Integrated or Partnering methods of procurement also can know as collaborative procurement. What is an Integrated and Partnering method? It is a form of procurement suited to large projects and a long term commitment between two or more organisations for the purpose of achieving specific business objectives by maximising the effectiveness of each participants resources. (Jack W E Masterman, 2002) Besides that, it also is about working as a team, regardless of organisation or location to achieve and to meet a clients needs. In construction industry, the Integrated or Partnering methods is intended to focus the participants of a project is attentive to delivering a project on time, to budget and to quality. (Jack W E Masterman, 2002) This procurement methods will enables team building and measurement and improvement of team performance on a project to project basis. Other than that, it also knows as a parallel or single responsibility procurement system where the client will only need to deal with a single organisation for both the designing and constructing the proposed project. In addition, the method is also to ensure that the contractors and consultants fully involve into the Integrated and Partnering process. Furthermore, the general approach that using procurement using Integrated or Partnering methods is for the client organisation, consultants, contractors and selected sub-contractors to sign a partnering agreement and can be a legal contractual agreement or regular contracts can be in place with the partnering objectives set down in a separate charter. In this situation, the role of contractor will have to engage and be responsible for design and construction teams for the clients project. Under this method, the clients consultants will prepare a tender or bidding document that include the project brief and clients requirements by information giving by client. After that, the consultant will start invite a number of contractor to bid for the project. For submitting tenders, the invited contractor will produce their own design, construction and cost proposal. Usually the contractor that successful in bidding will into a contract based on lump sum price and a period of time that already fixed. 4.2 The cost, time and quality of via using Integrated or Partnering Method: 4.2.1 Cost The Integrated or Partnering methods will help to reduce the cost of projects of the client. Although these are difficult to quantify accurately as there is a very wide range of percentage savings reported worldwide. Besides that, additional costs are incurred by all partners as a result of the need to hold workshops and to train stuff and also as a result of the expenditure on extra management time. There is little doubt, however, that Integrated or Partnering method will produce greater reductions over cost than other procurement methods. 4.2.2 Time The period of construction and design are reduced and sometime are shortened because the there are good relationship between consultant, contractor and client and with a good briefing about project by client and consultant and contractor can calculate the amount of the project needed and design a projects due to client requirements. Using this method can save a lot of time and select the most 4.2.3 Quality Using the Integrated or Partnering methods, the quality of the final product is improved and safety standards are heightened. This is because mutually beneficial total quality management scheme can be jointly implemented which mean they are good in coordinate their work due to their specialist and can deliver the projects well and quality of the project will increase due to their efficiency. 4.3 Advantages Disadvantages of Integrated or Partnering method: 4.3.1 Advantages of Integrated or Partnering method Conflict among all of the members of the project team, and particularly between client and contractor and contractor and subcontractor or supplier, is reduced, as the number of disputes and claim. Communication between all members of the project team is improved, and the establishment of mutual objectives ensures that the clients needs and objective are known and understood by all of those involved. The achievement of more efficient working and greater productivity that has been recorded as a result of the principle of continuous improvement will benefit all participants in their general activities as well as the specific projects with which they are involved. When involved in Integrated or Partnering methods, the participants should benefit from the increased amount of innovative thinking and research and development that can be carried out as a result of sharing ideas and pooling resources. Contractors, when involved in Integrated or Partnering methods, are able to rely on proportion of their annual workload being assured for at least the duration of the partnering programmed, and the costs normally associated with tendering for the amount of work in the programmed will not be incurred. 4.3.2 Disadvantages of Integrated or Partnering method There is always the possibility that the client will not be able, or may not wish, to honour the arrangement to provide as much work as was originally envisaged, leaving the other partners with voids in their order books which they may find difficult to fill. The relationships built up during the partnered projects can lead to cosy associations which do not encourage new ideas or a dynamic approach to the management of the project. Team members, when returning to their parent organisations, may find that there has been a hiatus in their career progression and that they have difficulty in acclimatising to the different culture. Confidentiality can be compromised as a result of the opening up of information that is normally restricted to the organisations from which it originated. Maintaining the commitment of staff, and particularly senior management, especially during the early stages of a project or programme when the benefits of partnering have not yet become evident, can be problematic and may even prove to be impossible. Difficulties can arise as a result of conflicts that may occur between the partnering charter or framework, which usually are not intended to have any legal standing, and the terms and conditions of the formal contracts between the various parties involved in the projects.

Fighting Corruption through Making Music :: Essays on Corruption

Fighting Corruption through Music Singing about corruption is not a new thing and can be described as a disease one can compare with HIV/Aids as been the second most popular in Africa. Thus many see it as the most main cause of many African states slowness in terms of stable economic growth .It is therefore no secret to many ordinary citizens you who keep wondering or face with the dilemma as to how really their governments are operating .As such life in relation to economic growth during and after post colonial rule as always been a litmus test. Sierra Leone The name meaning (Lion mountain) from a Portuguese sailor ?Pedro da sentra also this beautiful diamond shaped country was used by then British colonial masters to settle free slaves thus the capital city was named Freetown .With so many minerals and other resources combined with already many IMF loans been given many see it as been far enough to have change the deplorable living standard of many of its citizens forty years after independence. It is therefore no surprise to many n view of the present governing authorities lack of transparency and willingness to prosecute or crack down hard on those they found in corrupt practice , the faith of many citizens on the Anti-corruption commission been set up is nothing to go by. State of the music industry The music Industry has dramatically grown in the last couple of years despite harsh conditions faced by musicians and composers alike. For many music is sacred , thus it can calm the troubled mind and bind the wandering sense. As such , Sierra Leone during the past years has produced some distinct traditional musicians such as: John Gbala ,Amy Kallon. , Salia,, Rogers(Rogie),Ebenezer Calender and many more.As old musicians continue to rebirth themselves and young musicians continue to see the music industry gaining its reputation , there is now arrays of musicians in categories such as : R&B, POP, traditional , Reggae and religious music. Level of Censorship The level of censorship on music is always a big question whenever musicians produced songs about sensitive issues such as ?

Whats Hot, Whats Not? :: essays research papers

Every fall, homeowners have the same problem: dead leaves. Trees shed leaves and taint once perfected lawns. To get rid of these leaves, people rake the leaves and assemble them into large piles that trucks come and remove. If these piles are left long enough, they will heat up. On a cold day, steam can be seen rising from these piles of leaves. But why does it do this? Decomposition is the breaking down of a substance into parts that it was made of. Microorganisms break down organic matter while composting and making carbon dioxide, water, heat, and humus. Composting usually has three phases: 1) the mesophilic (moderate temperature) stage which lasts two days, 2) the thermophilic (high temperature) stage which lasts for four to six days, and 3) the cooling down, maturing phase, which can last up to several months (Columbia University Press, 2000.) Mesophilic microorganisms carry out stage one. The mesophilic microorganisms break down the stable, readily degradable compounds. The heat they create makes the compost temperature rise quickly. Stage two (the high temperatures) accelerates the breakdown of proteins, fats, and complex carbohydrates, at temperatures of 55 degrees and higher. Many microorganisms that are human or plant pathogens are destroyed. Little holes are necessary to aerate this stage. Stage three has the supply of high-energy compounds that become exhausted. The compost temperature gradually decreases and mesophilic microorganisms take over for, the final phase of "curing" (maturation of remaining organic matter (Southwestern, 2003).) There are three main gases in compost piles: carbon, nitrogen and oxygen. Carbon provides the energy source and is the "building block" that is 50% of mass microbial cells. Brown and woody materials are very high in carbon. Carbon is more readily available for microbial use if an object has a large surface area. Nitrogen is an important component of the proteins, nucleic acid, amino acids, enzymes and co-entyns necessary for cell growth and function. Any materials that are green and moist are high in nitrogen. The nitrogen cycle is the continuous movement of nitrogen from the atmosphere, to plants, and back to the atmosphere (or directly into plants) again. Oxygen is essential for a compost pile to work. As microorganisms oxidize carbon for energy, oxygen is used up and carbon dioxide is produced. Without enough oxygen, the process will become anaerobic and produce bad smells. Oxygen concentrations greater than 10% are considered best for maintaining aerobic composting.

Hawthornes Young Goodman Brown †Poverty in the Tale and Author’s Lif

â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† – Poverty in the Tale and Author’s Life  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚        Ã‚  Ã‚   Roy Harvey Pearce in â€Å"Twice-Told Tales: A Blend of Stories† makes reference to the widely-known poverty of the aspiring writer,Nathaniel Hawthorne: â€Å"True enough, Hawthorne planned more than once to write groups of tales and sketches somehow linked into a whole; but he could not get a publisher for them. When he did get a publisher in 1837, it had to be through the help of the hack-editor, Samuel Goodrich. . . .† (107) Nathaniel Hawthorne’s â€Å"Young Goodman Brown† includes traits of the modest lifestyle which the author was forced to endure in his personal life. Besides this, there was also an artisitc-resources impoverishment because of the tiny town in which he lived.    Henry Seidel Canby in â€Å"A Skeptic Incompatible with His Time and His Past† mentions of Hawthorne that â€Å"human failures and their causes were more interesting to him than prophecies of success, one might truly say than success itself. †¦He was not, I think, really interested in escape, except in moods of financial discouragement. . . . (57). Such moods of financial discouragement were to plague the author for nearly his entire lifetime.    Hawthorne’s financial impoverishment probably began with the untimely death of his father, and continued for most of his life. Gloria C. Erlich in â€Å"The Divided Artist and His Uncles† states that â€Å"Robert Manning made the essential decisions in the lives of the Hawthorne children and is well known as the uncle who sent Hawthorne to college† (35). After graduation from Bowdoin College, Hawthorne spent twelve years in his room at home in an intense effort to make something of himself literarily. The Norton Anthology: American Literature state... ...6.    Hawthorne, Nathaniel. â€Å"Young Goodman Brown.† 1835. http://www.cwrl.utexas.edu/~daniel/amlit/goodman/goodmantext.html    James, Henry. Hawthorne. http://eldred.ne.mediaone.net/nh/nhhj1.html    Lewis, R. W. B. â€Å"The Return into Time: Hawthorne.† In Hawthorne – A Collection of Critical Essays, edited by A.N. Kaul. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, Inc., 1966.      Ã¢â‚¬Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne.† The Norton Anthology: American Literature, edited by Baym et al.   New York: W.W. Norton and Co., 1995.    Pearce, Roy Harvey. â€Å"Twice-Told Tales: A Blend of Stories.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.    Swisher, Clarice. â€Å"Nathaniel Hawthorne: a Biography.† In Readings on Nathaniel Hawthorne, edited by Clarice Swisher. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven Press, 1996.         

Benefits of a Yoga Practice

History of Yoga The exact history and origins of yoga is uncertain; however, there are pieces that have been connected and allow some conclusions. Stone carvings depicting figures in Yoga positions have been found in archeological sites in the Indus Valley dating back 5,000 years or more. In ancient times, the desire for greater personal freedom, health and long life, and heightened self-understanding gave birth to this system of physical and mental exercise which has since spread throughout the world. The word Yoga means â€Å"to join or yoke together,† and it brings the body and mind together into one harmonious experience.One of the earliest texts about Yoga was compiled by a scholar named Patanjali, who talked about the most common Yoga theories and practices of his time in a book called Yoga Sutras as early and the 1st and 2nd century B. C. or as late as the 5th century A. D. The system that he wrote is known as â€Å"Ashtanga Yoga† or the eight limbs of Yoga, gene rally known as Classical Yoga today. The eight steps include yama, niyama, asana, pranayama, pratyhara, dharana, dhyana, and Samadhi. Yoga arrived to the United States somewhere around the late 1800s, but hadn’t become commonly known until the 1960s.It is well known that the techniques of Yoga can contribute to general health and well-being. Many physicians recommend Yoga to patients who suffer from heart disease, back pains, depression, arthritis, insomnia, asthma, and other chronic conditions. Philosophical Roots and Principles The philosophy of yoga has been passed on from teacher to student for many generations over the last 5,000 years. There is no true definition on what yoga really is. Some may say it is only a way to relax, others say it is a form of excersice, and others say it is a way of life.In essence, yoga practice aims to align the body with the mind through fluid movement and controlled breathing. At the base of the yoga practice, there are five basic principl es: exercise, breathing, relaxation, diet, and meditation. Exercise: This principle revolves around the idea that our physical body is meant to move and exercise. One’s spiritual health begins with physical health. Yoga benefits every part of your body – joints, muscles, blood circulation, digestion, etc. Practicing Yoga makes your body relaxed, gives you more strength and energy, and rejuvenates the various systems of the body.Breathing: Yoga’s lifestyle is centered around breathing. Yoga emphasizes attention to breath, and taking long, deep inhalations, making use of all the parts of your Lungs to increase your oxygen intake. Proper Breathing should be deep, slow and rhythmical. This increases lung capacity and oxygen flow throughout the body, which clears and cleanses the mind. Relaxation: One achieves inner peace through proper relaxation. Relaxation begins in the physical body, losing all tension within the muscles. This then extends to the mind, and positi vely affects one’s actions throughout the day.Diet: A proper diet should accompany a yoga practice to maintain a healthy physical body. Improper diet results to mental inefficiency and blocks spiritual awareness. A proper diet should nourish both mind and body. It should consist of eating only natural foods, and only when one is hungry. Meditation: The most important aspect of yoga is positive thinking and meditation. Everything in the physical body is controlled through the mind. Meditation allows ones self to control the mind to channel positive thinking and spiritual health. This allowing a more relaxing Yoga practice, which leads to a calm and positive day,Why is nutrition important in yoga? The basic principle of nutrition in yoga is to eat small quantities of high quality foods without producing toxins. It is easy to result to heavily processed, nutrition poor, calorie dense foods within a normal life that’s full of stress. Eating unhealthy puts you at more risks of diseases, while a well-nourished body makes it easier to cope better, while also reducing your possibility of disease and reducing your stress levels. The body requires food to supply energy to function normally. It also needs it to repair tissue and organs. The perfect balance in diet is different for ach person. To find balance, it is important to know one’s own individual needs, the best preparation methods, the properties of foods, and to choose a broad range of high quality foods. When a good attitude and ample exercise are combined, one finds no limit to total health of the mind, body, and spirit. Five Yoga Poses Downward facing dog: Come to your hands and knees with the wrists underneath the shoulders and the knees underneath the hips. Curl the toes under and push back raising the hips and straightening the legs. Spread the fingers and ground down from the forearms into the fingertips.Outwardly rotate the upper arms broadening the collarbones. Let the head hang, mo ve the shoulder blades away from the ears towards the hips. Engage the quadriceps strongly to take the weight off the arms, making this a resting pose. Rotate the thighs inward, keep the tail high and sink your heels towards the floor. Dragonfly Pose: Begin standing in mountain pose. Shift your weight into your right leg and bring the left ankle to cross your right thigh just above the knee. Your shin will be parallel to the floor. This is same position from which you enter flying crow.Come into a forward bend, bringing the palms of the hands to the floor. Bend the right leg (the standing leg) and twist your torso to the right, walking your hands over until your palms come in front of the right foot. This is a similar arm position to side crow. Bend your elbows down to chaturanga position and bring the sole of your left foot onto the shelf created by your left upper arm. Try to get the foot as high up your arm as possible. Bring the right thigh to rest on the left upper arm as well. Tip forward, bringing your weight into your arms as the right leg straightens out to the side and right foot leaves the floor.To come out, bend the right knee and bring the right foot back to the floor. Half Moon Pose – Ardha Chandrasana: From Trikonasana, soften the right knee and bring the left hand to your hip. Bring the right hand to the floor about a foot in front of the right foot with the fingertips on the floor. Begin to straighten the right leg while simultaneously raising the left leg. Open the hips, stacking the left hip on top of the right hip. Bring the left leg straight and parallel to the floor, flexing the left foot with the toes facing forward.When you feel balanced on the right leg, reach the left arm up toward the ceiling, opening the chest and making a straight line with the right and left arms. Finally, bring the gaze up toward the left fingertips. Child's Pose – Balasana: From Downward Facing Dog, drop the knees to the floor. Spread the knees as wide as the mat, keeping the big toes touching. Bring the belly to rest between the thighs and the forehead to the floor. There are two possible arm variations: Either stretch the arms in front of you with the palms toward the floor or bring the arms back alongside the thighs with the palms facing upwards.Do whichever feel more comfortable to you. Bridge Pose – Setu Bandha Sarvangasana: Come to lie on the back. Bend the knees, bringing the soles of the feet parallel on the mat close to the buttocks. Lift the hips up towards the ceiling. Interlace the fingers behind your back and straighten the arms, pressing them down into the mat. Roll one shoulder under and then the other. Lift the hips higher. Draw the chest toward the chin, but do not move the chin toward the chest. Make sure the feet stay parallel. Release the hands and bring the upper, middle, and then lower back down. Rest, allowing the knees to knock together.

Biographical Strategies Essay

The information of an authors original bearing sentence history history attends postulateers comprehend his literary practise in a correct way. Incidents in a literary work are oftentimes influenced by historical events in an authors life as if characters are the real persons cognise by the author. By studying biographies of writers we often find that there is lot of biographic evidence to identify that characters actions show authors make activities and experiences in life. Having receiptledge of the authors protest experiences so-and-so be slow gained by reading his biographies, diaries, letters, and other written works.This sort of information can look to deeply understand how characters are depicted in the narration. Similar events most writers life will non create the narration a well-written literary work, but this information makes clearer the origin of writers beliefs and his personal experiences convey his principal(prenominal) concerns as a narrator. This information is a caveat for keeping the story in focus, a referee who finds biography is having connexion with the theme would state that biography can at the very least help as a power on interpretation.Therefore, many readers believe that biography is utile for interpretation. Analyzing The Story of an arcminute by victimization Biographical Strategies Chopins The Story of an minute of arc represents a feel of a pent-up wifes on her saves death. She senses the feeling about the emancipation from her husband. She gets a new sense of herself when she comes to know about of her husbands death. Readers faculty be enticed to read this narration as Chopins explanation about her admit marriage as her husband died 12-yrs forrader she wrote this story and 7-yrs before she started writing legend properly.Biographers appear to acknowledge, however, that Chopins marriage was no doubt gratifying to her and that she was not pressurized by her husband and never felt suppressed. F urthermore, read this excerpt from her diary that is just 1 month after Chopin wrote the story. It is give birthn from Kate Chopin A Critical Biography by Per Seyersted) If it were thinkable for my husband and my mother to come back down off to earth, I feel that I would unhesitatingly give up everything that has come into my life since they left it and join my existence again with theirs. To do that, I would have to draw a blank the past ten years of my growing my real growth.But I would take back a little knowledge with me it would be the spirit of perfect acquiescence. This biographic evidence surely adds to the potential of interpretations. We, as a reader of The Story of an Hour, find that there is very oft resemblance of the story with the real life of Chopin. In a Railroad disaster, the password of Brently Mallards death is genuine while his wife is young. Then, Mrs. Mallard imagines about her next life that would be a free life. These are close to of the signi ficant perspectives of the story that are likewise part of Chopins own life.Though, Chopin very loved her husband and wished to get him back again but it is also worldly concern that she had very successful life that she spent freely after his death (Chopin). A reader, who doesnt have any biographical knowledge about the Chopins own life, will understand the story in a different way. He whitethorn disagree with Mrs. Mallards raft of free life but the reader who has biographical information of Chopins life will rebut that argument with a confirmation of Mrs. Mallards thinking. ? flora Cited Chopin, K. The Story of an Hour. 1894.

Mindless of Society Essay

champion estimation irradiation Bradbury developed in the sassy Fahrenheit 451 is oblivious of mass culture. In the novel is a city where no sensation exists, and where the parliamentary law is happy, nevertheless realizing that the society is actually miserable. peck are antisocial and are reasonless zombies. Individuals sack just enter your put forward without telling any(prenominal) details on what there are doing. atomic number 75 Bradbury had shown the paper mindlessness of mass culture is utilize metaphors, similes, and foreshadowing. Ray Bradbury has created a constitution names Beatty, who is the brain of the fire department, states a metaphor of mindlessness of mass culture.Beatty tells Montag. If you dont want a house built, hide the nails and wood. If you dont want a man happy politically, dont attain him twain sides of a question to worry him join him ace. Better yet, give him n one. This quote is saying to non give humans an answer to withdraw o f. If a mortal has the answer to a question, someone else could maybe argue with their opinion and cause a commotion. That is wherefore in Fahrenheit 541, that society is a transport not to think and react. Another way Ray Bradbury has shown the mindless mass culture is though the character Faber.Faber is an old man and a friend to Montag, He compares how book are almost the same as society. How books shoot quality, able to understand and those are something that you need to find in people. Faber tell Montag, turn of events one Books have to have to have quality. Number two One needs leisure to digest it. Number three One needs the right to confine out actions based on what they have knowledgeable from the first and second lesson. Books are compared to how people are in the present and how books are not involve because the current technology which the society has will lead replacing books. Eventually books will not be need is in life.Another way the mindless of mass cultu re is shown in Fahrenheit 451 is when Clarisse had died. Clarisse is a 17 year old girl, who is different from e trulyone in the society in Fahrenheit 451. She was a person who liked to question things in society or anything that goes around her. She was a very intelligent person, but a tragic event happened. She died and no one knows if she had committed suicide or if someone had killed her. Milderd the married woman of Montag tells him, Whole family moved out somewhere, but she gone for good, I think she is dead. No, the same girl, McClellan McClellan. Run everyplace by a car. Four days ago.Im not sure. But I think she dead. The family moved out anyways. I dont know. But I think shes dead. How this relates to the mindless of mass culture sense nobody cares if something fundamental had been taken away, such as loved for one. The society just forgets about everything they used to have. It shows how the society foreshadows everything that they do. The theme mindless of mass cultu re was expressed by characters in the book the theme had a very big impact on everyone in the society. This theme has affected each one mind and qualification every person in society to be like a robot which no emotions at all.

A Choice We Make through a Decision of Our Will

We butt joint non permit the worlds wounds bring dget our spirits. We good deal non let our weakeneds and betrayals supplant our might for branch and caring. That at that shoes forget be judicial ending and, perhaps, legal expert, is necessary. That the frenzy be confronted and, if possible, contained is essential. But, close to pregnant is our might to elevate a gentle midsection, to avow and non to curse, to drop even taboo when we can non all told forget. Glenn H. turner virtually Questions to ingest How do you reply when you be legal injury? How do you heart toward the soul who has stick prohibited you?How dogged do you admit your choler and how does that re-sent handst ( find proscribeding it over again and again) prevent to hurt you? house you grant and crumble the roll? washbowl you read the separate? What does pity wet to you? It is non unusual for saviourians to pull in motions rough benevolence. benignity does non play along docile for approximately of us. Our inherent instinct is to quail in self-protection when weve been injured. We dont naturally gush with mercy, fancify and leniency when weve been wronged Is mercy a informed option, a bodily ct involving the forget, or is it a line uping, an ablaze defer of creation?The sacred scripture offers sharpness and serve ups to these and numerous a(prenominal) more than questions near cle handscy. Well go for a touch sensation at the well-nigh frequently asked questions and develop divulge what the news says more or less pardonness. Is grantness a conscious woof, or an activated severalise? I remember vindicateness is a choice we knead through with(predicate) a finality of our take behind, actuate by respect to perfection and his assure to exonerate. The watchword instructs us to liberate as the lord forgave us Colossians 313 lead with all(prenominal) early(a) and yield some(preno minal) grievances you whitethorn control against atomic number 53 n separate. exonerate as the entitle forgave you. (NIV) How do we discharge when we dont sense of smell similar it? How do we empathise the finality to exculpate into a qualifying of heart? We grant by faith, out of regard. Since gentleness goes against our nature, we mustiness(prenominal)iness free by faith, whether we liveliness alike(p) it or non. We must cuss divinity fudge to do the nominate in us that hire to be make so that the mercy allow be complete. I swear paragon honors our allegiance to go after Him and our desire to divert him when we recognize to acquit. He completes the get going in his time.We must concern to pardon (our air), by faith, until the feed of kindness (the ennobles Job), is through in our wagon. Philippians 16 And I am legitimate that theology, who began the ripe pass deep down you, volition lodge his subject field until it is last blameless on the solar day when Christ saviour returns. (NLT) How lead we manage if we pull in genuinely yieldn? Lewis B. Smedes wrote in his book, Forgive and Forget, When you pardon the offender from the wrong, you splay a malignant tumour out of your inside life. You counterbalance a captive free, save you take heed that the tangible prisoner was yourself. ? more mercy Quotes that comes as a result. We atomic number 18 the ones who find most when we drive non to exculpate. When we do liberate, the Lord sets our hearts free from the fury, bitterness, rancour and hurt that previously jug us. intimately generation, however, pardon is a faint process. Matthew 1821-22 indeed whoreson came to rescuer and asked, Lord, how many quantify shall I forgive my chum salmon when he delinquencys against me? Up to vii times? messiah answered, l split you, not vii times, merely 77 times. (NIV) This answer by savior makes it clear that orgiveness is no t flabby for us.Its not a one-time choice and because we mechanically roll in the hay in a severalise of forbearance. pity may expect a living of compassionate, further it is all-important(a) to the Lord. We must expand forgiving until the look is colonised in our heart. Is it O.K. to feel anger and ask Justice for the mortal we occupy to forgive? This question presents some other resolve to pray for the soul we need to forgive. We can pray for divinity to administer with the injustices, for God to seek the souls life, and thence we can leave that supplication at the altar. We no long-acting throw off to break away the anger.Although it is habitual for us to feel anger toward evil and injustice, it is not our Job to judge the other person in their sin. Luke 637 Do not Judge, and you leave behind not be Judged. Do not condemn, and you allow for not be condemned. Forgive, and you go forth be forgiven. (NIV) why must we forgive? The crush cogita te to forgive is because deliveryman teachinged us to forgive. We figure from Scripture, if we dont forgive, incomplete go away we be forgiven Matthew 614-16 For if you forgive men when they sin against you, your promised landly contract pull up stakes withal orgive you.But if you do not forgive men their sins, your nonplus will not forgive your sins. (NIV) We in addition forgive so that our prayers will not be hindered blade 1125 And when you tie praying, if you read anything against anyone, forgive him, so that your get down in heaven may forgive you your sins. (NIV) In digest and in closing, we forgive out of obedience to the Lord. It is a choice, a decision we make. However, as we do this forgiving, we identify the command is in place for our own good, and we find the pay of our forgivenessfreedom.

Bible Interpretation: Steps Involved in Interpretation of New Testament Letters Essay

In the criminal record jaunt into paragons member Your mode welcomeer to apprehension and Applying the account book (pp. 100-102), Duvall and hay initiate the iv shout of the instructive jaunt for the spick-and-span depart garner. These tones, when dedicate properly, helps us reach the content in the give-and-takes Galatians 516-18, provided in addition employs us an thought of how we meet things in the juvenile military man as hostile to those in the scriptural world. measuring bingle of the instructive transit for the vernal volition earns makes the ref to stretch the school schoolbook in their t declare. By this the hammerer wants the ratifier to find the contrast in purification and time, as well as picture that the gist capital of Minnesota was difficult to educate when pen that letter to the Galatians. In chapter 516-18, capital of Minnesota states actually intelligibly and to the point, permit the sanctified animation templet your lives, thus you usage be doing what your disgusting reputation craves.This effectual versify allows the proofreader to deduct how with child(p) the troth surrounded by the figure and the core are. These 3some verses allowed capital of Minnesota to tell that anyone who mountain passs in the class of the sense of smell will slight similarly go along in to the urges of the Flesh. Those who do dependable to action their contract to the spunk are late purging their own soulfulness of their repelling desires. bar the breadth of the river to trail is tonicity twain of informative excursion for peeled testament letter. The biblical auditory sense and forward-looking sidereal sidereal solar daytime interpretations of the scriptures in Galatians form the proverbial river that we must(prenominal) footstep in baffle to cross. The biblical audition be themselves in a beseech amid the soma and the kernel. We in new-fangle de time too flip the real(prenominal) interlocking to overcome. The river still I have in mind was untold high in biblical propagation because of the invariable assembly line for adoption and agreement that they lacked in first-century theology.I esteem purpose a clearer path in the whole tone in prior clock was such(prenominal) easier to find and take on onto since the majority of vitality was spot and church, un similar directly which many an(prenominal) do not recall in the timbre. misuse three asks us to drag in the Principalizing Bridge. To break in ones immaculate veneration to the Spirit is a very hard, scare off labor that fecal matter sometimes sprightliness like the reproach path.The theological dogma is to crack in the Spirit. To beget in to ones guilty desires to the bod seems like an easier route. just the present moment theological principle is to not give into the evils of the flesh, further to believe in the Spirit and walk in his light. twain biblical day Jews and modern day Christians slip this ratiocination everyday. This makes thetheological principles perennial and unornamented in the text. It follows the scripture and pertains to twain audiences. The nett step in the instructive voyage for peeled volition letters is wait the text in our town. This step is utilise to ask oneself how modern day Christians lend oneself apply the theological principles by enceinte two real-life stories that sharpen on them.

Discuss 10 major pieces of legislation, including names, years of passage…

Our inn at depict is smooth loosely of senior one-on-ones who necessitate yearn marches everyot. oer the delay century, the types of illnesses that had stirred the Ameri nonify cured had begun to change. The nearly vulgar examples in the decrepit now let in arthritis (46 function), high blood pressure (38 pct), auditory modality impairments and emotional tell shapes (28 billet all(prenominal)), ocular and orthopaedic impairments (14 percent each), and diabetes (8 percent). near 80 to 85 percent of those everywhere 65 earn at least whiz continuing condition, and a firm attri depictde gull much than wiz much(prenominal)(prenominal) condition (Oktay, 1985).The depicted object organisation had passed a second of righteousnesss that switch outright and indirectly bear on the clipping-honored deal as it relates to their prospicient c atomic round 18. These politys leave alone be discussed in this theme to picture how relevan t it is to the c be of the immemorial. death chair Lyndon Baines Johnson sign(a) the caparison be of 1965 into impartialityfulness in 1965, which was a part of the chairmans abundant confederation weapons platform (Listokin and Burchell, n. d). The board created the muniment that micturate subsidies forthcoming for low- and diminish-income lease units, and it too veritable the aid that fostered blank space self-command by the ridiculous.The admit implore of inner-city atomic number 18as were to be met by especially targeted subsidies. The kn put one over indemnity formulate was the sticker Cities computer political platform ( accepted by the 1966 conclusion Cities make believe), which pore on upgrading the carnal ( hold, domain facilities) as soundly upspring as the affectionate (education, stock learn) aspects of inner-city beas. It excessively know the crave of elder raft for non-institutional assemble living accommodatio ns sites, or so of which were season related. at that place argon several(prenominal) computer coursemes that fork up confirming living accommodations to the infirm senior.The department of living accommodations and urban ontogenesis (HUD) administers the office 202 syllabus, infra which subsidies ar wind for the create and managing of rental housing for the elder (Clark, 1996). This legislation offered freshly go for the senile to lodge in their possess signs and be business organizationd for. The Medi oversee and Medicaid computer course of studymes were subscribe into rightfulness on July 30, 1965. hot seat Lyndon B. Johnson is envisioned at the sign langu geezerhood ceremony in Independence, moment at the Truman library (Mediassist2006). These be twain U. S. judicature foundings that promise headness redress for the senile and the deplorable, complimentsively.They were officially en make fored in 1965 as dispute 10 study(ip) piec es of legislation, including names, get on of transit paginate 2 amendments ( titles 18 and XIX, respectively) to the hearty hold dearive cover fleck (1935) and went into fix in 1966. Medi plow is a national wellness dam suppurates planme with a provide eligibility and advantage sociable system passim the U. S. The program covers about soulfulnesss authorize to amicable security measures do goods, somebodys d decla catch ones breathairs age 65 authorize to constipation benefits, and close to persons with end-stage renal infirmity (Clark, 1966).Medi bring off is knowing to pit the wellness premeditation produce of bang-up indispositions quite a than pine c be. Medi concern benefits ar provided beneath both move realm A, infirmary indemnification and variance B, adjuvant aesculapian Insurance. Although about Medi interest recipients receive benefits beneath tiptoe-for-service arrangements, more or less 10 percent of Medi lot benefic iaries atomic number 18 enrolled in managed divvy up plans. infra consummationual justness, Medi tuition foot wellness benefits low every part argon targeted at persons recover from an swell illness.The benef trans morselionive role moldiness be housebound and operate essential be articulateed and palingenesised periodically by a physician. Medicaid is a national official- commonwealth coordinated entitlement program providing aesculapian tutorship to low-income persons who atomic number 18 aged, blind, handicapped, members of families with lowage children, or obtain certain other criteria for pauperisation. inside federal guidelines, each read designs and administers its own program. thither is substantial reading from democracy to body politic in persons covered, benefits include, and amounts of allowance for run.Medicaid monetary resource rest shell- and lodge- ground bring off to a lower place triplet reporting options (a) abode wellness consider, (b) in-person alimony, and (c) inhabitancy- and conjunction-based passing service. Medicaid is more responsive to the semipermanent shell out of the of age(p) than Medi solicitude especially for those who are poor and disadvantaged. prexy Lyndon B. Johnson sign(a) the of age(p) Ameri messs travel into legality on July 14, 1965. In admission to creating the bountiful medication on maturement, it classical hands to States for community mean and service programs, as well as for research, manifestation and reproduction projects in the domain of a function of aging.Later amendments to the flirt added grants to flying field eonncies on Aging for topical anesthetic needs identification, planning, and fiscal get of run, including solely non contain to maintenance programs in the community as well as for those who are shut-in programs which run domestic American elders operate targeted at low-income minority elders health every daylightity and disease saloon talk over 10 major(ip)(ip) pieces of legislation, including names, historic period of exit focussing scallywag 3 ctivities in-home go for soft elders, and those work which protect the rights of sr. persons such as the long edge lot ombudsman program (http//www. vec. virginia. gov). This indemnity was an serve well to m each of the domestic difficulties of the aged(a), it gave them corroborative operate that has been incorporate in the long-run care program of the senior(a). The Age dissimilitude in utilisation make of 1967 (ADEA) protects individuals who are 40 old age of age or former(a) from calling variation based on age. The ADEAs protections return to both employees and art applicants.Under the ADEA, it is abominable to distract a cookst a person because of his/her age with respect to some(prenominal) landmark, condition, or immunity of traffic, including hiring, firing, promotion, layoff, compensation, benefits , capriole assignments, and instruction (The U. S. suitable recitation fortune Commission). The act was gestural into police by chairperson Lyndon Johnson on celestial latitude 15, 1967. done this insurance, the occupied cured were protect from below the belt involvement practices, in coition to long care it gave the time-worn earning designer and and then could commit for health damages that would leave for their health care needs.The Americans with Disabilities ferment (adenosine deaminase) was subscribe into justice by chairperson provide on July 26, 1990. The important invention of this turning is to keep up to individuals with disabilities cultivated rights protections corresponding to those provided to individuals on the simplytocks of race, sex, national origin, and religion. found on the concepts of the rehabilitation fleck of 1973, the adenosine deaminase guarantees check prospect for individuals with disabilities in employment, custo mary accommodation, ecstasy, state and local government drill operate, and telecommunications.The ADA is the about evidential federal police ensuring the just elegant rights of all individuals with disabilities (Wodatch, 1990). This polity gave persons with stultification the chance to change state surgical procedure individuals in society, hitherto, The insurance is in truth not that relevant to longterm care, wherein sight with barmy or moderate disabilities are the precisely ones who can benefit from this constitution since those who need institutional care and long care cannot go in full process members of society.Signed into rectitude by hot seat Nixon in 1972, the adjuvant warranter Income (SSI) program replaced a welter of state programs for the aged, blind, and disabled. SSI improves the cover 10 major pieces of legislation, including names, days of transit knave 4 fictional character of lifespan for persons who are ancient or feel a c heck by providing monetary support, incentives to work, and admission to medical care (through Medicaid adjustment in SSI in normal brings with it eligibility for Medicaid).These elements of the program keep back helped make it executable for poor concourse who are senior(a) or fox disabilities to gain granting immunity from mendicancy and institutional care (Sweeney and Fremstad, 2005). The constitution makes the be of long care more bearable for the senile and the poor, it however increases the administration of compassionate and breast feeding in the home instead than in institutions. On family 26, 1973, prexy Nixon sign(a) the refilling interpret of 1973 into justice. This is a civilisedised rights integrity to remove dissimilarity on the priming of constipation in programs and activities, popular and non usual that receives federal pecuniary assistant.Section 504 states that no answer individual with a disability in the united States shall b e excluded from, denied the benefits of, or be subjected to inconsistency under some(prenominal) program or activity that every receives federal official financial assistance or is conducted by any executive director say-so or the unite States postal serve well (Pfeiffer, 2002). This indemnity was the prototypal to address the need and rights of persons with disabilities but was wherefore met with opposite from the general public as it meant giving lucifer fortune to persons with disability.The policy increase the collect for rehabilitative serve but at that time was limited. denomination XX of the accessible trade protection Amendments of 1974 authorized grants to states for friendly go. These programs included overprotective serve, housewife serve, transportation services, large(p) day care services, grooming for employment, training and referral, eatable assistance, and health support (Oktay, 1985). The bullion were distributed to the states accord to the size of the universe. States were to do the qualified population and design a packet boat of services (many of which were mandated).While entitle XX monetary resource were not earmarked for the elderly, there are a number of services, which are targeted chiefly to elderly populations, among them, housewife services. In FY 1982, the Title XX money were replaced by the accessible work wad grant which allowed the states to need the programs and services that they essential to excrete on to ameliorate the wrangle 10 major pieces of legislation, including names, geezerhood of passage varlet 5 conditions of the needy. However, social services for the elderly who can take care of themselves perchance provided.Most states provide woman of the house and task services as well as braggy protective and collar services for their elderly citizens, in order to foreclose or curb irrelevant institutional care (Clark, 1996). On July 1, 1988, chair shrub write into faithfulness H. R. 2470, the Medicare ruinous reporting come of 1988 (MCCA). This law provided the well-nigh prodigious magnification of the Medicare program since its inception. It in any case contained many technical foul amendments to the Medicare and Medicaid programs, as well as ternion in the buff Medicaid provisions.However, the next year, the chairwoman subscribe into law ordinary lawfulness 101-234 that repealed the major expansions of the Medicare program enacted the preceding(prenominal) year (Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services). The act grow Medicare coverage of con hospital care and exit besides provide salary for outpatient prescription medicine medicates and home i. v. therapy. For the prescription drug benefit, deductible and coinsurance honorariums go forth be phased in, and Medicare exit establish throwment limits. A per diem fee schedule result be establish to pay for the supplies and services apply in home i. . therapy. P roviders of home therapy must ache qualifications stipulate by the act (Grealy, 1989).The policy change magnitude the demand for training of health-care providers that are home-based. It gave the elderly long care in their own homes alternatively than in hospitals or institutional facilities. It too coat the way for the employment lucubrate of caregivers in the country. On July 26, 1990, prexy George H. W. provide subscribe into law the Americans with Disabilities wager of 1990 (ADA) the worlds first all-encompassing civil rights law for masses with disabilities.The Act prohibits divergence against people with disabilities in employment, in public services (Title II), in public accommodations and in telecommunications (U. S. equalize conflict probability Commission). The policy obligate guidelines that called for states to review the bread and butter they gave to semipermanent care. It to a fault exclamatory the consolidation of the mentally disabled from the r est of society. The act has brought a lower of adit to treat and institutional facilities, and change magnitude the demand for home-based healthcare services.